A Modular Workflow for Quantitative, Structural and Functional Analysis of Leptospira Biofilms

This protocol delivers a modular, BSL-2 workflow combining crystal-violet biomass assays, time-lapse phase-contrast kinetics, confocal 3-D/matrix mapping, SEM ultrastructure, and an in vivo hamster infection module to cultivate, quantify, characterize and investigate Leptospira biofilm functional role, enabling standardized evaluation of mutants and anti-biofilm interventions across laboratories.