Name: 대식세포-섬유아세포 공동배양물의 정량화를 위한 영역 기반 이미지 분석 알고리즘 (동영상) | JoVE Journal
Uploaded: 2022-02-15T13:00:00.000+00:00
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Description: 학습하세요 대식세포와 섬유아세포 공동배양물의 정량화를 위한 영역 기반 이미지 분석 알고리즘을 사용하는 방법을. 이 기술은 세포 생물학 및 조직 재생 연구에서 신뢰할 수 있는 세포 계수와 세포 유형 식별을 제공합니다.

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This work was funded in part by the National Institutes of Health (R01 AR067247) and in part by the Delaware INBRE program, supported by a grant from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences-NIGMS (P20 GM103446) from the National Institutes of Health and the State of Delaware. The contents of the manuscript do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding agencies.

1. Cell culture and image acquisition
<ol>
	<li>Culture RAW264.7 macrophages at 37 &#176;C and 5% CO2 in Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 1% penicillin-streptomycin, 1.5 g/L sodium bicarbonate, and 5 &#181;M &#946;-mercaptoethanol.
	<ol>
		<li>For monoculture imaging, culture RAW264.7 cells at a density of 25,000 cells/cm2 in a 5 mL cell culture flask with 1 mL of medium.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Culture NIH/3T3 cells at 37 &#176;C and 5% CO2 in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin-streptomycin11.</li>
	<li>For coculture imaging, culture RAW264.7 macrophages and NIH/3T3 fibroblasts together at varied ratios, at a total density of 25,000 cells/cm2. Use coculture medium that is 1 part RAW264.7 medium (DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS, 1% penicillin-streptomycin, 1.5 g/L sodium bicarbonate, and 5 &#181;M &#946;-mercaptoethanol) and 1 part NIH/3T3 medium (DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin-streptomycin).</li>
	<li>Following seeding, incubate cells at 37 &#176;C and 5% CO2 to reach a viable cell density of 80% cell confluence.</li>
	<li>Image cells with an inverted microscope equipped with a 40x objective. Acquire all images in grayscale and export them in the raw &#39;.czi&#39; file.
	<ol>
		<li>Determine the capacity of the algorithm to accurately evaluate images with a range of image qualities. Acquire images with varying foci, producing both &#39;non-bulbous&#39; images (Figure 2) and &#39;bulbous&#39; images (Figure 3).</li>
		<li>Export and convert cell images to the 8-bit tiff (.tiff) image format using ImageJ using the &#39;Batch Convert&#39; function on the raw &#39;.czi&#39; files prior to MATLAB analysis. Store converted images in a local folder and manually transfer these image files to the relevant MATLAB bin.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2. Image analysis-monoculture utilizing the &#34;monoculture.m&#34; file primarily
NOTE: The following steps were performed using MATLAB. Three files were used for the MATLAB protocol: &#34;process.m&#34; (Supplemental coding file 1), the file containing the algorithm, &#34;monoculture.m&#34; (Supplemental coding file 2), the file to run for analyzing monoculture images, and &#34;coculture_modified.m&#34; (Supplemental coding file 3), the file to run for analyzing coculture images.
<ol>
	<li>Use the area-based method to obtain images of cells showing relative height variations. Image outputs for each substep by utilizing the &#39;imshow()&#39; function for each subimage. Copy and paste the image file for analysis into the bin and enter the file name in the following command. Press run to start the program. 
	imread(&#39;filename.tiff&#39;)
	<ol>
		<li>Analyze images by &#39;opening by reconstruction&#39; followed by &#39;closing by reconstruction&#39; using source functions8 to magnify the foreground from the background. Use the first command for opening by reconstruction and the second and third sequences to close by reconstruction 
		&#39;imopen()&#39; 
		&#39;imerode()&#39; 
		&#39;imreconstruct()&#39;</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Binarize the reconstructed images to pure black and pure white pixels utilizing a percentile-based identification system. Note that cells are converted to a pure white pixel value of &#39;255&#39; in this system, whereas background and extraneous (non-cellular) objects are converted to a pure black pixel value of &#39;0&#39;.
	<ol>
		<li>Distinguish cells from the background by using a percentile difference from the &#39;maximum relevant pixel,&#39; the largest pixel value comprising at least 0.5% of a given image.</li>
		<li>Analyze and evaluate the pixel values for RAW264.7 macrophages. If these values are within 4.5% of the maximum relevant pixel, then mark the pixel as cellular. 
		NOTE: This command can be issued using a simple if statement.</li>
		<li>For images containing bulbous cell profiles, such as those seen in Figure 2, implement an iterative procedure to correct for erroneous binarization at the centers of the cells (termed &#39;islands;&#39; see below), as follows.</li>
		<li>Determine an initial guess for the total cell coverage; 60% was utilized for this study. Note that the number of cells present within the image should be dependent on the cell coverage-the relationship between cell number and cell coverage can therefore be determined experimentally. Using this relationship, determine the variables &#39;Alpha&#39; and &#39;kappa.&#39; 
		NOTE: &#39;Alpha&#39; represents a 3 x 1 vector containing the following relative height percentiles: the height percentile at which cells were identified, the height percentile at which the background was identified, and the height percentile at which islands-regions in which intensity values were significantly lower than cell values-typically resided. &#39;Kappa&#39; represents the total area covered by cells in the image.</li>
		<li>Run the algorithm, which will (i) analyze images using initial estimates of alpha and kappa to fill a portion of the islands, and (ii) use the postanalysis cell counts and coverage to recalculate kappa. If the kappa value is within 10% of the initial guess, proceed to the next step. 
		NOTE: For images containing RAW264.7 and NIH/3T3 cells, alpha was found to be [4.3, 5.5, 10]. In other words, a difference of 4.3% from the maximum relevant pixel determined the height percentile at which cells were identified, a difference of 5.5% from the maximum relevant pixel determined the height percentile at which the background was identified. A difference of 10% from the maximum relevant pixel determined the height percentile at which islands typically resided.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Following binarization of the image, determine the average cell area automatically using the open-source circle finding algorithm, which performs a Hough transform on the binarized image12,13,14. Use the following command to obtain a vector of all center locations and radii of circles found within the image. 
	&#39;[centers, radii] = imfindcircle(A, [minradius, maxradius])&#39; 
	&#39;A&#39; in this command is the image of choice, and [minradius, maxradius] is the range of radii that the algorithm will attempt to detect. 
	NOTE: This procedure to determine the average cell area assumes that the morphology of macrophage cells was both circular and consistent among cells10. From experimental data, the radii of macrophages are observed to be most commonly between 30 and 50 pixels at 40x magnification. This pixel range is defined as the acceptable range for the circle finding algorithm. The radii might be significantly different for other cell types and would require determination using experimental analysis.
	<ol>
		<li>Use the radii outputs to calculate the average cell area by averaging. Analyze at least 10 cells to ensure accurate area identification.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Determine the total number of cells within the image using the average cell area.
	<ol>
		<li>Loop through the image matrix and count the total number of cell pixels. Determine the total cell coverage by dividing the number of cell pixels by the total number of pixels within the image. Determine the total number of cells within the image by dividing the number of cell pixels by the average area of a cell.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
3. Image analysis-coculture utilizing the &#34;coculture_modified.m&#34; file primarily
NOTE: The following steps were performed using MATLAB.
<ol>
	<li>Use the area-based method to obtain images of cells showing relative height variations. Image outputs for each substep by utilizing the &#39;imshow()&#39; function for each subimage. Copy and paste the image file for analysis into the bin and enter the file name in the following command. Press run to start the program. 
	&#39;imread(&#39;filename.tiff&#39;)&#39;
	<ol>
		<li>Analyze images by &#39;opening by reconstruction&#39; followed by &#39;closing by reconstruction&#39; using source functions10 to magnify the foreground from the background. Use the first command for opening by reconstruction and the second and third sequences to close by reconstruction. 
		&#39;imopen ()&#39; 
		&#39;imerode()&#39; 
		&#39;imreconstruct()&#39;</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Conduct an analysis of cocultures containing RAW264.7 and NIH/3T3 cells by using two selective binarizations, obtained by exploiting the height differences between the two cell types.
	<ol>
		<li>Experimentally determine a parameter &#39;phi&#39; using images of RAW264.7 and NIH/3T3 cells, with phi representing the proportional height difference between the two cell types. Guess an initial phi value and iterate until cell counts and coverage match closely with manual counts, specific to the RAW264.7 and NIH/3T3 coculture. 
		NOTE: The value for phi used in these studies was found to be 3.2. Phi is used to selectively filter an image to appear to contain only RAW264.7 cells, as seen in Figure 4C.</li>
		<li>Determine RAW264.7 cell counts and total cell coverage in a similar fashion as for monoculture images.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Analyze the watershed-transformed image again without the phi parameter, detecting both macrophages and fibroblasts. Acquire NIH/3T3 fibroblast data by selectively subtracting RAW264.7 cell pixels, obtained using the standard thresholding and area-based quantification methods described in step 2.
	<ol>
		<li>Once the entire image has been analyzed, determine the total number of NIH/3T3 pixels by subtracting the total number of cell pixels from the number of RAW264.7 pixels. Calculate the coverage of NIH/3T3 and RAW264.7 cells by dividing by the number of cell pixels for each cell line by the total number of image pixels.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

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<li>Urello, M., Kiick, K., Sullivan, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Integration+of+growth+factor+gene+delivery+with+collagen-triggered+wound+repair+cascades+using+collagen-mimetic+peptides%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Bioengineering+%26+Translational+Medicine%22%5BJournal%5D)">Integration of growth factor gene delivery with collagen-triggered wound repair cascades using collagen-mimetic peptides.</a> Bioengineering & Translational Medicine. 1 (2), 207-219 (2016).</li>
<li>Image Processing Toolbox Documentation. MATLAB_Detect and measure circular objects in an image. MathWorks. , Available from: 
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<li>Atherton, T., Kerbyson, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Size+invariant+circle+detection%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Image+and+Vision+Computing%22%5BJournal%5D)">Size invariant circle detection.</a> Image and Vision Computing. 17, 795-803 (1999).</li>
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The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

We designed a general area-based procedure that accurately and efficiently counted cells on the basis of cell height, allowing for stain-free quantitation of cells even in coculture systems. Critical steps for this procedure included the implementation of a relative intensity system by which cells could be differentiated. The use of a relative height analysis served two purposes: the need for external parameters was rendered unnecessary, as relative parameters were constant for the given cell type and parameter, and abso...

Software is routinely implemented during image analysis techniques to ensure that the results are accurate, efficient, and unbiased. For cell-based assays, a common problem is the misidentification of cells. Images with improper focal and contrast settings may lead to cell blurring, in which the boundary of individual cells becomes hard to identify1. The presence of extraneous image features such as pores, bubbles, or other undesired objects can hamper counting procedures by slowing the counting process and leading to misidentification. Furthermore, cell counting can be onerous, and counting hundreds of replicates can be extremely time-consuming. Moreover, an inherent subjective bias exists during manual counting, and therefore decision-making regarding cell identification is often inaccurate2. Automated software offers exciting potential to bypass all these issues by rapidly and precisely differentiating cells from extraneous objects, including objects far beyond human capacity for precise detection, based on well-defined identification criteria that reduce the influence of investigator bias. Common techniques to identify cells using automated software involve two main methods: segmentation and thresholding3. Herein, we demonstrate a generalizable area-based protocol that enables rapid, accurate, and inexpensive cell counting within a widely accessible software framework.
Segmentation techniques, such as edge detection, seek to isolate individual cells by utilizing intensity differences within an image. Intensity changes that distinguish a cell from the rest of the image most often consist of sharp changes in brightness4. Edge detection involves a regularizing filtering step, followed by a differentiation step in which intensity changes are detected. The differentiation process identifies edges and contours within the image of high-intensity changes, and these edges and contours are correlated with cell presence.&#160;Although images with noise can be run through denoising algorithms4, edge detection techniques are ideally used for analyzing images with low background noise. The process functions optimally when cell boundaries are clearly and easily distinguishable and are not impeded by brightness contours unrelated to cell presence, cell blur, extraneous objects, or defined internal cell structures1,2. If an image is particularly noisy, cells may be further distinguished through fluorescent staining or transfection with fluorescent proteins2,5. Although this significantly improves the accuracy of segmentation techniques, it requires added costs and additional time investments to prepare cell cultures for imaging.
Thresholding techniques involve the division of an image into two categories: the foreground and the background, with cells assigned to the foreground3. These techniques utilize color/contrast changes to define the apparent height of an object; objects that are routinely &#39;taller&#39; than the background can be easily identified as cells. The watershed-transform functions in this way by associating surfaces with light pixels as the foreground and those with dark pixels as the background6,7. Through height-based identification, thresholding techniques can routinely distinguish noise from desired objects, provided they exist within the same focal plane. When paired with an area-based quantification, a watershed-transform can accurately identify groups of objects in environments where typical segmentation techniques such as edge detection would be inaccurate.
Watershed-transforms are commonly coupled with segmentation techniques to prepare images for a cleaner analysis, resulting in higher accuracy of cell counting. For this process, the watershed-transform is used to highlight potential regions of interest prior to segmentation. A watershed-transform provides unique benefits by identifying cells in the foreground of images, which can improve the accuracy of segmentation analysis by removing potential false positives for cells, such as uneven patches of background. However, difficulties can arise when attempting to adapt cell-based images to a watershed-transform. Images with high cell density can be plagued with undersegmentation, in which aggregates of cells are identified as a singular group rather than as individual components. The presence of noise or sharp intensity changes can also result in oversegmentation, in which the algorithm overisolates cells, resulting in excessive and inaccurate cell counts8.
Herein, we detail a method to minimize the primary drawbacks of the watershed-transform by incorporating components of a thresholding analysis within an area-based quantification algorithm, as depicted in Figure 1. Notably, this algorithm was implemented with open-source and/or widely available software, and application of this cell-counting framework was possible without expensive reagents or complex cell preparation techniques. RAW264.7 macrophages were used to demonstrate the method due to their critical role in regulating connective tissue maintenance and wound healing processes9. Additionally, NIH/3T3 fibroblasts were analyzed due to their key role in tissue maintenance and repair. Fibroblast cells often coexist with and support macrophages, generating the need to distinguish these phenotypically distinct cell types in coculture studies.
Cell counts from images with high viable cell density (VCD) could be quantified reliably and efficiently by calculating the area covered by the cells, and the average area occupied by a singular cell. The use of thresholding as opposed to segmentation for cell identification also enabled more complex analyses, such as experiments in which different cell types in cocultures were analyzed concurrently. NIH/3T3 fibroblasts, which are often found to colocalize with RAW264.7 macrophages within a wound healing site, were found to grow at a focal plane that was distinct from the focal plane of macrophages10. Accordingly, multiple thresholding algorithms were run to define the background and foreground depending on the cell type being analyzed, enabling accurate counting of two different cell types within the same image.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Axio Observer 7 Inverted Microscope</td><td>Zeiss</td><td>1028290770</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&amp;beta;-mercaptoethanol</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>21985023</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cell Scrapers</td><td>CellTreat</td><td>229310</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dublecco&#039;s Modified Eagle Medium</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>12430047</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dublecco&#039;s PBS</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>14190144</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MATLAB Software</td><td>MathWorks</td><td>2021A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NIH/3T3 Cells</td><td>ATCC</td><td>ATCC CRL - 1658</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin&amp;ndash;Streptomycin</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>P4333-20ML</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RAW264.7 Cells</td><td>ATCC</td><td>ATCC TIB - 71</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Bicarbonate</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>S6014-25G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>T75 Cell Culture Flask</td><td>Corning</td><td>CLS3814-24EA</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

area-based image analysis algorithm for quantification of macrophage-fibroblast cocultures

Area-based Image Analysis Algorithm for Quantification of Macrophage-fibroblast Cocultures

Quantification of cells is necessary for a wide range of biological and biochemical studies. Conventional image analysis of cells typically employs either fluorescence detection approaches, such as immunofluorescent staining or transfection with fluorescent proteins or edge detection techniques, which are often error-prone due to noise and other non-idealities in the image background. 
We designed a new algorithm that could accurately count and distinguish macrophages and fibroblasts, cells of different phenotypes that often colocalize during tissue regeneration. MATLAB was used to implement the algorithm, which differentiated distinct cell types based on differences in height from the background. A primary algorithm was developed using an area-based method to account for variations in cell size/structure and high-density seeding conditions. 
Non-idealities in cell structures were accounted for with a secondary, iterative algorithm utilizing internal parameters such as cell coverage computed using experimental data for a given cell type. Finally, an analysis of coculture environments was carried out using an isolation algorithm in which various cell types were selectively excluded based on the evaluation of relative height differences within the image. This approach was found to accurately count cells within a 5% error margin for monocultured cells and within a 10% error margin for cocultured cells.

Analysis of non-bulbous RAW264.7 macrophages was conducted in a monoculture setting at 25,000 cells/cm2. Representative images were taken of the cell culture and processed in MATLAB following conversion to 8-bit tiff in ImageJ. Algorithm outputs throughout the process were recorded and documented in Figure 2 for the representative image. In this image, the algorithm counted 226 cells, and this image count was verified by comparison with a manual count that identified 241 cells (6....

We present a method, which utilizes a generalizable area-based image analysis approach to identify cell counts. Analysis of different cell populations exploited the significant cell height and structure differences between distinct cell types within an adaptive algorithm.

Quantification of cells is necessary for a wide range of biological and biochemical studies. Conventional image analysis of cells typically employs either ...

This method can be used to help researchers analyze and count co-cultures of cells using a simple and effective area-based analysis. This technique is relatively easy to implement using widely available software and offers a reliable and accurate means of identifying various cell types within a co-culture setting. This method can provide insight into how specific co-cultures of cells synergize to aid in tissue regeneration.This method can also be employed to validate monoculture biomarker studies. To begin, culture raw 264.7 macrophages at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide for monoculture imaging in one milliliter of DMEM supplemented with FBS, penicillin-streptomycin, sodium bicarbonate, and beta-mercaptoethanol in a five milliliter cell culture flask at a density of 25, 000 cells per centimeter square. Culture NIH/3T3 cells in DMEM supplemented with 10%FBS and 1%penicillin-streptomycin.For co-culture imaging, culture raw 264.7 macrophages and NIH/3T3 fibroblasts using co-culture medium containing one part raw 264.7 medium and one part NIH/3T3 medium together at varied ratios and total density of 25, 000 cells per centimeter square. Following seeding, incubate the cells at 3

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Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Adhesive micropatterns that normalize cellular architecture can be used to increase sensitivity in the detection of drug effects, improve reproducibility and simplify automated image acquisition and analysis. Such technology will benefit drug/siRNA screening assays, performed on conventional cell culture supports and consequently suffering from excessive cell-to-cell variability.

Improved Visualization and Quantitative Analysis of Drug Effects Using Micropatterned Cells

A novel method to obtain macrophages from primary culture of rat liver cells is described.  This method utilizes the proliferation of macrophages in the culture, followed by shaking of culture flasks and purification by selective attachment to plastic dishes. This technique efficiently provides liver macrophages without complex equipment and skills.

A Simple and Efficient Method to Isolate Macrophages from Mixed Primary Cultures of Adult Liver Cells

Cell differentiation is regulated by a host of microenvironmental factors, including both matrix composition and substrate material properties. We describe here a technique utilizing cell microarrays in conjunction with traction force microscopy to evaluate both cell differentiation and biomechanical cell–substrate interactions as a function of microenvironmental context.

A High-throughput Cell Microarray Platform for Correlative Analysis of Cell Differentiation and Traction Forces

Target-specific probes represent an innovative tool for analyzing molecular mechanisms, such as protein expression in various types of disease (e.g., inflammation, infection, and tumorigenesis). In this study, we describe a quantitative three-dimensional tomographic assessment of intestinal macrophage infiltration in a murine model of colitis using F4/80-specific fluorescence-mediated tomography.

Fluorescence-mediated Tomography for the Detection and Quantification of Macrophage-related Murine Intestinal Inflammation

Microglia are brain immune cells that survey and react to altered brain physiology through morphologic changes which may be evaluated quantitatively. This protocol outlines an ImageJ based analysis protocol to represent microglia morphology as continuous data according to metrics such as cell ramification, complexity, and shape.

Quantifying Microglia Morphology from Photomicrographs of Immunohistochemistry Prepared Tissue Using ImageJ

Here, we describe a simple and accessible strategy for visualizing, quantifying, and mapping immune cells in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissue sections. This methodology combines existing imaging and digital analysis techniques with the purpose of expanding the multiplexing capability and multiparameter analysis of imaging assays.

Visualization, Quantification, and Mapping of Immune Cell Populations in the Tumor Microenvironment

The article describes quantification of 1) the size and number of focal adhesions and 2) cell shape index and its distribution from confocal images of the confluent monolayers of MCF7 cells.

Quantification of Cell-Substrate Adhesion Area and Cell Shape Distributions in MCF7 Cell Monolayers

In the age of immunotherapy and single-cell genomic profiling, cancer biology requires novel in vitro and computational tools for investigating the tumor-immune interface in a proper spatiotemporal context. We describe protocols to exploit tumor-immune microfluidic co-cultures in 2D and 3D settings, compatible with dynamic, multiparametric monitoring of cellular functions.

Microfluidic Co-Culture Models for Dissecting the Immune Response in in vitro Tumor Microenvironments

Here, we present a protocol to investigate the interaction of primary human monocyte-derived macrophages with a tumor spheroid in a three-dimensional (3D) collagen I matrix, with the possibility to compare the impact of soluble and physical properties of the microenvironment on cell invasion.

A Macrophage-Tumor Spheroid Co-Invasion Assay

This protocol describes a label-free optical diffraction tomography-based workflow for real-time imaging and quantitative analysis of macrophage morphodynamics. The method enables continuous tracking of single-cell morphology and migration, providing time-resolved measurements of projected area, perimeter, and average migration speed during long-term live-cell imaging.

Real-Time Label-Free Imaging and Quantitative Analysis of Macrophage Morphodynamics Using Optical Diffraction Tomography

This protocol describes a time-lapse live-cell imaging method to visualize antibody-dependent macrophage phagocytosis of green fluorescent protein–labeled triple-negative breast cancer cells using peripheral blood mononuclear cell–derived macrophages and an automated microscope.

Time-Lapse Imaging of Antibody-Driven Macrophage Phagocytosis of Green Fluorescence Protein&#8211;Labeled Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells

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Area-based Image Analysis Algorithm for Quantification of Macrophage-fibroblast Cocultures

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