Name: Visualisierung wortlich Übermittlung über bedforms Mit Dye Experimente und Simulation (Video) | JoVE Journal
Uploaded: 2015-11-18T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 49 s
Description: Erfahren Sie die Visualisierung hyporheischer Strömung durch gekoppelte Laborexperimente und interaktive NetLogo-Simulationen. Diese Methode verbindet physikalische Messungen mit computergestützter Modellierung für ein tieferes Verständnis hydrologischer Prozesse.

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This material is based upon work supported by National Science Foundation grants EAR-0810270, EAR-1215898, and EAR-1344280, as well as an&#160;NSF Graduate Research Fellowship.

1. Simulation Software
<ol>
	<li>Use the software described in this section.
	<ol>
		<li>Download and install the free/open-source multi-agent modeling language and simulation platform, NetLogo (Available: <a href="http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/">http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/</a>, version 5.1 or later). 
		Note: This software is available at no cost and runs on all major operating systems (Windows/Mac/Linux).</li>
		<li>Download the two specific simulation script files (mousedrop.nlogo and interface.nlogo) that accompany this laboratory procedure. (Available: <a href="http://modelingcommons.org/browse/one_model/4259">http://modelingcommons.org/browse/one_model/4259</a> and <a href="http://modelingcommons.org/browse/one_model/4258">http://modelingcommons.org/browse/one_model/4258</a>) 
		Note: Once the simulation platform is installed and these files have been downloaded, double-clicking these files automatically opens the simulations up, ready to run.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2. Flume Demonstration
<ol>
	<li>Set up the laboratory flume so that all parameters (Table 1) fall within the mousedrop simulation parameter range constraints. 
	Note: The constraints can be adjusted in mousedrop, if required for the physical system by editing the sliders.
	<ol>
		<li>Pour a layer of approximately 15-25 cm of sand into the flume. Measure and record the hydraulic conductivity and porosity of the sand following standard methods32,33.</li>
		<li>Fill the flume with approximately 20-30 cm of water.</li>
		<li>Start the flume and increase the flow rate to a level that is fast enough to move sand grains and thus to create bedforms. 
		Note: The flow rate can be further adjusted to refine bedform characteristics with practice. Bedform sizes are a result of flow rate, water depth and sand properties.</li>
		<li>Allow bedforms to develop for 12-24 hr to form natural dune/ripple morphology. To accelerate this process, manually shape regular dunes, and then allow sediment transport for 4-12 hr. Alternatively, manually form regular triangular dunes. 
		Note: Regular triangular dunes will yield regular patterns of hyporheic exchange, but will not show as much complexity as natural dune/ripple bedforms.</li>
		<li>Once the desired bedforms are achieved, reduce the water flow rate until bed sediment transport slows and bedform characteristics stop changing.
		<ol>
			<li>Visually observe motion of sediment grains comprising the bed, and reduce flow until motion ceases. 
			Note: This will preserve the bed morphology for the duration of the experiment.</li>
			<li>To confirm that slow, episodic motion is not occurring, mark or photograph bedform positions and then observe at a later time. 
			Note: It is only important that bedforms do not move significantly over the time frame of the experiment, so that provides a sufficient observation time to confirm that bedforms are stable.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>Adjust flume slope and/or water depth to achieve uniform flow under the reduced flow rate.
		<ol>
			<li>Control channel slope through equipment constructed into the flume, typically either a motorized jack or a hand-crank. Adjust water depth by adding or removing water from the flume. 
			Note: In the experimental setup used here, the entire flume is mounted on a pivot on the downstream end, and the slope is set by a motorized jack at the upstream end.</li>
			<li>While the pump is running, select two longitudinal locations marked with lines perpendicular to the bottom of the flume. At these locations, use a ruler to measure the distance along these perpendicular lines, between the surface of the water and the bottom of the flume. 
			Note: Depending on the flume setup, the bottom of the flume may serve as a better sloped reference line than the bottom of the flume. Selecting a larger longitudinal distance will yield greater accuracy.</li>
			<li>Adjust the slope of the flume and/or the water depth and re-measure until the vertical distance measurements are the same to achieve uniform flow. Measure the sloped horizontal distance along the bottom of the flume between these two longitudinal locations.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>Stop the pump and wait for the water to stop moving; this will provide a level surface. Re-measure the distance between the top of the flume and the water surface at each longitudinal location. 
		Note: The channel slope is equal to the difference between these measurements, divided by the sloped horizontal distance between them.</li>
		<li>Re-start the pump.</li>
		<li>Select a test section, which should be a location near the middle or downstream end of the flume where dunes have formed a regular pattern. Ensure that this section encompasses at least one full bedform.</li>
		<li>Measure and record the average sediment depth (D) in the test section with any hand measuring devise (transparent rulers are ideal). For simplicity, use the average distance of a crest and trough to the flume bottom.</li>
		<li>Measure and record the average bedform height in the test section, defined as the difference between the sediment depth at a crest and the sediment depth at a trough with a ruler. Measure several bedforms to obtain a good estimate of the average.</li>
		<li>Again using the ruler, measure and record the average water depth (d) in the test section, defined as the average distance from the water surface to the sand bed. Again, use the average water depth at dune crests and troughs for simplicity.</li>
		<li>Record the channel flowrate (Q) from the flowmeter, and calculate the average velocity as Q / (d *w), where w is the width of the flume and d is the water depth. 
		Note: Our flowmeter is inserted into the recirculation loop of the flume.</li>
		<li>Measure and record the average bedform wavelength in the test section. Typically, measure the wavelength as the distance between successive dune crests.</li>
		<li>Open the Mousedrop simulation (in the NetLogo platform) and check that all measurements are within the variable ranges specified in the simulation user interface. If a measured parameter falls outside of the constraint range, adjust the simulation parameter range by right-clicking on the parameter “slider”, selecting “edit”, and adjusting the min/max values.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Visualize hyporheic exchange.
	<ol>
		<li>Set the camera in a fixed location (preferably on a tripod) pointed orthogonally to the flume wall with a single bedform in the test section centered in the picture. 
		Note: This will avoid problems of slanted perspective.</li>
		<li>Take a test picture to verify conditions. Adjust the lighting if reflections are a problem.</li>
		<li>Using the syringe and needle, make 2-3 small dye injections near the flume wall. Ensure that these injections form ~2 cm round patches of colored porewater at a variety of vertical and horizontal locations. Use care to minimize the disturbance to the sand bed during the injection. 
		Note: Injections of smaller volumes of dye allow the user see more detail and view individual stream paths.</li>
		<li>Record the start time of the dye injections and take an initial picture. 
		Optional: It can be educational to trace the initial dye fronts with markers on transparency paper, so that the dye movement is easily observable in lab, but these outlines will also block small portions of the dye fronts in pictures, so there is a trade-off.</li>
		<li>Capture the dye front positions at appropriate time intervals. For time lapse photography, use 30 sec intervals to give smooth results.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
3. Simulation
<ol>
	<li>Run Simulation 1: Mousedrop and compare with observed dye transport.
	<ol>
		<li>Open the simulation script named Mousedrop.nlogo. 
		<img alt="Sediment transport simulation; 3D diagram; dynamic equilibrium; channel velocity analysis." src="/files/ftp_upload/53285/53285fig2.jpg" width="600" data-altupdatedat="1787630408000" data-alt="Figure 3"> 
		Figure 2. Mousedrop. This shows where tracers are at 7 different instances in time. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53285/53285fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a></li>
		<li>Adjust the physical system parameters shown in Table 1 to match flume experimental conditions (specifically: Lambda, BedformHeight, BedDepth, HydrCond, Porosity, ChannelVelocity, Depth, and Slope). Be sure to pay careful attention to units when entering input parameters.</li>
		<li>Adjust sliders Time1, Time2, etc. to indicate times when the simulation tracking color will change. Set these color changes to match observation times in order to facilitate comparison of simulation results with observations. 
		Note: If the Time parameters are all set to 0, the simulation will display a single color throughout.</li>
		<li>After all parameters are set, click the setup button. 
		Note: The bedform should appear in the simulation view.</li>
		<li>Click the mouse-drop button to indicate the starting locations of virtual tracers. Note that multiple locations in the bed may be clicked. Hold the mouse down to release more virtual tracer. When simulating dye movement, use the mouse to either trace dye fronts (the boundary around the dye) or fill in the full area of the dyed region. 
		Note: Introducing more virtual tracer will cause the simulation to run more slowly. The best visual results will vary with computer performance.</li>
		<li>Once all of the virtual tracers have been placed, you can either click the Advance to next time button, which will start the simulation and then stop it at the first time or you can click the go/stop button to begin the simulation indefinitely. Do not re-click the setup button, or the tracers will have to be placed again. 
		Note: Once the simulation starts running, the velocity is calculated for the location of each tracer based on simulation parameters in Equations 4 and 5. The tracer moves according to the velocity field for 100 simulated seconds and then the velocity at the new location is calculated and the procedure is repeated until the tracer leaves the system.</li>
		<li>Optionally, click the go/stop button repeatedly to pause/continue the simulation. Compare the simulated and measured dye distributions at different points in time.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Run Simulation 2: Interface.
	<ol>
		<li>Open the script titled Interface. 
		<img alt="Riverbed simulation diagram showing flow dynamics; channel velocity, particle paths, residence time." src="/files/ftp_upload/53285/53285fig3.jpg" width="600" data-altupdatedat="1787630408000" data-alt="Figure 3"> 
		Figure 3. Interface. This shows 370 tracers flowing through the subsurface using the interface simulation. The tracer paths show where each tracer has been since it was started at the surface water-subsurface interface. Eventually all flow paths should return to the surface water. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53285/53285fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a> 
		Note: This script introduces virtual tracers on the streambed surface in a flux-weighted manner based on calculated subsurface velocities. This provides a visual representation of the relative amounts of water flowing into (and out of) the streambed at different locations.</li>
		<li>Begin by clicking setup followed by go/stop. 
		Note: This will run the simulation with the default settings. The re-drop? switch is initially set to off, so the cumulative residence time distribution will be plotted as time passes.</li>
		<li>After observing the simulation with the default parameters, click go/stop to stop the simulation.</li>
		<li>Change one or more parameters and then click setup followed by go/stop. 
		Note: This will restart the simulation with the parameters that have been selected.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

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<li>Zohar, A., Ben David, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Paving+a+clear+path+in+a+thick+forest%3A+a+conceptual+analysis+of+a+metacognitive+component%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Metacogn+Learn%22%5BJournal%5D)">Paving a clear path in a thick forest: a conceptual analysis of a metacognitive component.</a> Metacogn Learn. 4, 177-195 (2009).</li>
<li>Fox, A., Boano, F., Arnon, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Impact+of+losing+and+gaining+streamflow+conditions+on+hyporheic+exchange+fluxes+induced+by+dune-shaped+bed+forms%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Water+Resour+Res%22%5BJournal%5D)">Impact of losing and gaining streamflow conditions on hyporheic exchange fluxes induced by dune-shaped bed forms.</a> Water Resour Res. 50, 1895-1907 (2014).</li>
<li>Norman, F. A., Cardenas, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Heat+transport+in+hyporheic+zones+due+to+bedforms%3A+An+experimental+study%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Water+Resour+Res%22%5BJournal%5D)">Heat transport in hyporheic zones due to bedforms: An experimental study.</a> Water Resour Res. 50, 3568-3582 (2014).</li>
<li>Precht, E., Huettel, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Rapid+wave-driven+advective+pore+water+exchange+in+a+permeable+coastal+sediment%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Sea+Res%22%5BJournal%5D)">Rapid wave-driven advective pore water exchange in a permeable coastal sediment.</a> J Sea Res. 51, 93-107 (2004).</li>
<li>Salehin, M., Packman, A. I., Paradis, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Hyporheic+exchange+with+heterogeneous+streambeds%3A+Laboratory+experiments+and+modeling%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Water+Resour+Res%22%5BJournal%5D)">Hyporheic exchange with heterogeneous streambeds: Laboratory experiments and modeling.</a> Water Resour Res. 40, (2004).</li>
<li>Cardenas, M. B., Wilson, J. L., Zlotnik, V. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Impact+of+heterogeneity%2C+bed+forms%2C+and+stream+curvature+on+subchannel+hyporheic+exchange%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Water+Resour+Res%22%5BJournal%5D)">Impact of heterogeneity, bed forms, and stream curvature on subchannel hyporheic exchange.</a> Water Resour Res. 40, (2004).</li>
<li>Sawyer, A. H., Cardenas, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Hyporheic+flow+and+residence+time+distributions+in+heterogeneous+cross-bedded+sediment%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Water+Resour+Res%22%5BJournal%5D)">Hyporheic flow and residence time distributions in heterogeneous cross-bedded sediment.</a> Water Resour Res. 45, (2009).</li>
<li>Boano, F., Camporeale, C., Revelli, R., Ridolfi, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Sinuosity-driven+hyporheic+exchange+in+meandering+rivers%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Geophys+Res+Lett%22%5BJournal%5D)">Sinuosity-driven hyporheic exchange in meandering rivers.</a> Geophys Res Lett. 33, (2006).</li>
<li>Cardenas, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+model+for+lateral+hyporheic+flow+based+on+valley+slope+and+channel+sinuosity%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Water+Resour+Res%22%5BJournal%5D)">A model for lateral hyporheic flow based on valley slope and channel sinuosity.</a> Water Resour Res. 45, (2009).</li>
<li>Tonina, D., Buffington, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Hyporheic+exchange+in+gravel+bed+rivers+with+pool-riffle+morphology%3A+Laboratory+experiments+and+three-dimensional+modeling%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Water+Resour+Res%22%5BJournal%5D)">Hyporheic exchange in gravel bed rivers with pool-riffle morphology: Laboratory experiments and three-dimensional modeling.</a> Water Resour Res. 43, (2007).</li>
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</ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

In conjunction, the flume demonstration and particle tracking simulations provide a comprehensive introduction to hyporheic flow for a range of audiences. Participants of all levels are provided visual evidence for the occurrence of hyporheic exchange induced by bedforms, and the strong variability in subsurface flow paths under bedforms. These procedures can be used as a simple demonstration of porewater flow for undergraduates or K-12 students, or it can be used in graduate courses in conjunction with a more in-depth p...

<table><tbody><tr><td>Flume</td><td>Engineering Laboratory Design</td><td>Custom</td><td>Laboratory flume with clear sides for 24-48 hours. Alternatively a small teaching flume can be constructed for under 300 dollars following the guidelines provided in our supplementary materials.</td></tr><tr><td>Flowmeter</td><td>Rosemount&amp;nbsp;</td><td>8800 vortex&amp;nbsp;</td><td>This is located inside the recirculation loop of the flume</td></tr><tr><td>Sand</td><td>US. Silica</td><td>F30</td><td>Research-grade sand to form a layer 10-20 cm deep throughout the flume</td></tr><tr><td>Dye</td><td>Samples from food companies</td><td></td><td>Water-soluble food grade dye made into an aqueous solution. Dark colors like red, blue and green work best. (Avoid food dyes in propylene glycol.)</td></tr><tr><td>Syringe</td><td>HSW</td><td>4100.000V0</td><td>5-10 ml, &lt;em&gt;e.g.&lt;/em&gt; HSW Norm-Ject 2-part disposable syringe</td></tr><tr><td>Pipetting Needle</td><td>Cadence Science</td><td>7942</td><td>14-gage, 6-in blunt end,&amp;nbsp; to inject the dye deep into the sand.</td></tr><tr><td>Digital Camera</td><td>Any</td><td></td><td>Digital camera with steady tripod. (Time lapse cameras can be used to collect rapid evenly spaced data.) We used a Nikon D7000.</td></tr><tr><td>Ruler</td><td>Any</td><td></td><td>Transparent is best.</td></tr><tr><td>Measuring Tape</td><td>Any</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Netlogo Software</td><td>CCL</td><td></td><td>&lt;a href=&quot;http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/&quot;&gt;http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/&lt;/a&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Mousedrop.nlogo</td><td>Netlogo Commons</td><td>4259</td><td>&lt;a href=&quot;http://modelingcommons.org/browse/one_model/4259&quot;&gt;http://modelingcommons.org/browse/one_model/4259&lt;/a&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Interface.nlogo</td><td>Netlogo Commons</td><td>4258</td><td>&lt;a href=&quot;http://modelingcommons.org/browse/one_model/4258&quot;&gt;http://modelingcommons.org/browse/one_model/4258&lt;/a&gt;</td></tr></tbody></table>

visualizing hyporheic flow through bedforms using dye experiments and simulation

Visualizing Hyporheic Flow Through Bedforms Using Dye Experiments and Simulation

Advective exchange between the pore space of sediments and the overlying water column, called hyporheic exchange in fluvial environments, drives solute transport in rivers and many important biogeochemical processes. To improve understanding of these processes through visual demonstration, we created a hyporheic flow simulation in the multi-agent computer modeling platform NetLogo. The simulation shows virtual tracer flowing through a streambed covered with two-dimensional bedforms. Sediment, flow, and bedform characteristics are used as input variables for the model. We illustrate how these simulations match experimental observations from laboratory flume experiments based on measured input parameters. Dye is injected into the flume sediments to visualize the porewater flow. For comparison virtual tracer particles are placed at the same locations in the simulation. This coupled simulation and lab experiment has been used successfully in undergraduate and graduate laboratories to directly visualize river-porewater interactions and show how physically-based flow simulations can reproduce environmental phenomena. Students took photographs of the bed through the transparent flume walls and compared them to shapes of the dye at the same times in the simulation. This resulted in very similar trends, which allowed the students to better understand both the flow patterns and the mathematical model. The simulations also allow the user to quickly visualize the impact of each input parameter by running multiple simulations. This process can also be used in research applications to illustrate basic processes, relate interfacial fluxes and porewater transport, and support quantitative process-based modeling.

The use of a simulation in conjunction with experiments allows students to observe the similarities and differences between idealized mathematical models and more complex real systems. Figure 4 shows an example comparing dye injection photographs with Mousedrop simulations. The initial photograph is used to determine the placement of the simulated dye tracer at time zero, and then the simulation is run for 34.2 min and compared with a photograph taken at that time. Overall the model does an exce...

This manuscript describes how to create regular bedforms in a flume, visualize flow through the bedforms, and use computer simulations to simulate the hyporheic flow. The computer simulations compare well with the experimental observations. This coupled simulation and experiment is well-suited for both research and educational purposes.

Advective exchange between the pore space of sediments and the overlying water column, called hyporheic exchange in fluvial environments, drives solute ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to demonstrate hypo EIC flow experimentally using modeling software that creates a simulation which agrees strongly with the physical experiment. This method can help demonstrate key concepts in the field of hydrology by showing how the flow of water through sediments under a stream is influenced by sediment, topography, and surface water properties. While this method can be used to investigate hyper IC flow, it can also be used in educational laboratory is to demonstrate hyper IC flow to students of all levels.The main advantage of this technique is that it couples physical laboratory experiments with interactive computer software that simulates the same phenomenon. Visual demonstration shows the spatial similarities and discrepancies between the physical experiments and the simulations, which encourages the development of a deeper understanding of hyper principles. Begin with installing the required software, which is net logo and two scripts to run in net.Logo, mouse drop and interface. Next, following instructions in the text protocol, set up the laboratory flume so that all parameters fall within the mouse drop simulation parameter range c

visualizing-hyporheic-flow-through-bedforms-using-dye-experiments

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

Microfluidic devices can be used to visualize complex natural processes in real time and at the appropriate physical scales.  We have developed a simple microfluidic device that mimics key features of natural porous media for studying growth and transport of bacteria in the subsurface.

Window on a Microworld: Simple Microfluidic Systems for Studying Microbial Transport in Porous Media

Biofilms have complex interactions with their surrounding environment. To comprehensively investigate biofilm-environment interactions, we present here a series of methods to create heterogeneous chemical environment for biofilm development, to quantify local flow velocity, and to analyze mass transport in and around biofilm colonies.

Methods for Characterizing the Co-development of Biofilm and Habitat Heterogeneity

This study presents an excavation method for investigating subsurface hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological heterogeneity of a soil lysimeter. The lysimeter simulates an artificial hillslope which was initially under homogeneous condition and had been subjected to approximately 5,000 mm of water over eight cycles of irrigation in an 18-month period.

Soil Lysimeter Excavation for Coupled Hydrological, Geochemical, and Microbiological Investigations

The manuscript presents a protocol for the conduction of bed-load sediment transport experiments where the moving particles are tracked by image analysis. The experimental facility, the procedures for run realization and data processing, and finally some proof-of-concept results are presented here.

Image-based Lagrangian Particle Tracking in Bed-load Experiments

A protocol for the study of the diffusion of passive tracers in laminar pressure-driven flow is presented. The procedure is applicable to various capillary pipe geometries.

The Diffusion of Passive Tracers in Laminar Shear Flow

The goal of the protocol is to enable visualization of the detailed flow fields and determination of the near-boundary shear and normal stresses within an equilibrium scour hole induced by a vibrating pipeline.

Visualization of Flow Field Around a Vibrating Pipeline Within an Equilibrium Scour Hole

To quantify microvascular flow from high speed capillary flow image sequences, we developed STAFF (Spatial Temporal Analysis of Fieldwise Flow) software. Across the full image field and over time, STAFF evaluates flow velocities and generates a sequence of color-coded spatial maps for visualization and tabular output for quantitative analyses.

Spatial Temporal Analysis of Fieldwise Flow in Microvasculature

This protocol outlines the simulation, fabrication and characterization of THz metamaterial absorbers. Such absorbers, when coupled with an appropriate sensor, have applications in THz imaging and spectroscopy.

Simulation, Fabrication and Characterization of THz Metamaterial Absorbers

A shear cell is developed for small-angle neutron scattering measurements in the velocity-velocity gradient plane of shear and is used to characterize complex fluids. Spatially resolved measurements in the velocity gradient direction are possible for studying shear-banding materials. Applications include investigations of colloidal dispersions, polymer solutions, and self-assembled structures.

Measuring Material Microstructure Under Flow Using 1-2 Plane Flow-Small Angle Neutron Scattering

We present a protocol for using a piezoelectrically-assisted tribometer and optical profilometer to investigate the dependence of ultrasonic wear and friction reduction on linear velocity, contact pressure, and surface properties.

Experiments on Ultrasonic Lubrication Using a Piezoelectrically-assisted Tribometer and Optical Profilometer

Erfahren Sie die Visualisierung hyporheischer Strömung durch gekoppelte Laborexperimente und interaktive NetLogo-Simulationen. Diese Methode verbindet physikalische Messungen mit computergestützter Modellierung für ein tieferes Verständnis hydrologischer Prozesse.

Visualizing Hyporheic Flow Through Bedforms Using Dye Experiments and Simulation

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