Name: 利用基于病毒的Cre重组马赛克产后小鼠脑开发基因功能分析 (视频) | JoVE Journal
Uploaded: 2011-08-01T12:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 42 s
Description: 了解利用重组腺相关病毒在小鼠产后脑发育中进行基因功能分析的方法。通过向新生小鼠脑内注射病毒，实现马赛克基因失活和稀疏神经元标记，结合免疫荧光显微镜成像，为神经回路发育研究提供重要框架。

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This work is supported by an RO1 grant from NIH (NINDS).

1. Preparing viruses for injection
<ol>
 <li>rAAVs were purchased from the recommended commercial vendor, but they can also be produced in one's own lab (see discussion below). The virus solution is typically produced at a titer of ˜1x1012 genome copies per milliliter (GC/ml) and may be used at full titer to manipulate a large number of cells. Alternatively, they may be diluted to produce the desired level of sparse labeling. The appropriate dilution must be determined by the user, but a 1:10 dilution is recommended to start.</li>
 <li>Thaw viruses on ice immediately before use. Transfer the desired pre-dilution volume of virus solution into a small (˜250μl) PCR tube. Dilute the virus solution using an appropriate volume of sterile DPBS in a tissue culture hood. Store diluted virus solution on ice until it is needed.</li>
</ol>
NOTE: handling of all viruses should be conducted in accordance with a biosafety protocol approved by your institution
2. Syringe loading and equipment assembly
<ol>
 <li>Connect the loading needle to the glass syringe and draw up the virus solution from the PCR tube by gently pulling the plunger. Pull the plunger until a very small bubble of air can be seen in the syringe; this indicates that all of the solution is in the syringe and is not left in the loading needle. Alternatively, a small amount of inert dye can be added to the solution to make it visible. 
 NOTE: A small PCR tube should be used as the loading needle is typically not long enough to reach the bottom of most other tubes.</li>
 <li>Remove the loading needle and place the syringe on the syringe block of a syringe pump, securing it with the syringe retainer.</li>
 <li>Gently insert one end of the connective tubing into the syringe; insert the other end into the needle holder. Insert the injection needle into the needle holder. The end of the injection needle should directly contact the end of the connective tubing inside of the needle holder.</li>
 <li>Slowly depress the plunger manually to push the solution through the connective tubing. Push until a tiny drop of solution is visible at the tip of the injection needle.</li>
 <li>Carefully position the plunger next to the pusher block and secure it in place with the pusher block bracket.</li>
 <li>Set the injection parameters: injection rate should be approximately 8μl/min (˜130nl/s); injection volume is typically 1-2ul; select the appropriate syringe diameter for the syringe size you are using (see the syringe pump manual for guidelines).</li>
 <li>Set the hotplate to ˜38°C and cover with a paper towel or other thin barrier to protect the pups during the recovery phase.</li>
</ol>
3. Injection procedure and pup recovery
<ol>
 <li>Prepare P0 or P1 mouse pups for injection by subjecting them to cold anesthesia following an IACUC approved protocol. Dampen a few paper towels with water and place on ice. Place the desired number of pups (4-5) on the paper towel (keep them well separated) and gently fold the paper towels over the pups so they are covered by damp paper towel. Gently place a small amount of crushed ice on top of the paper towels and incubate the pups for approximately 5 minutes. The pups can be kept on ice for up to 15 minutes and recover fine afterwards.</li>
 <li>After the pup is sufficiently anesthetized, place it on a mounting block (we use a Styrofoam block that normally holds 15ml tubes) and position it for best access to the injection site. For the cortex it is easiest to lay the animal flat on its belly, while for the cerebellum it is helpful to position the pup's head over the edge of the block to provide better access to the rear of the skull. The pup may be secured in place with a band-aid, if desired.</li>
 <li>Hold the pup's head in place with one hand while the needle is manually inserted through the skull at the desired site with the other hand. It is helpful to pull the skin tight to prevent it from moving during injection. For the cortex it is useful to make the injections relative to a well-defined anatomical landmark, such as the lambda suture of the skull, as this will aid in future injections. The cerebellum can be seen through the skull as a thin strip of tissue lying directly caudal to the colliculus. The depth to which the needle should be inserted varies slightly between individual animals and strains and can be gauged by predetermined markers on the needle, however for cortex and cerebellum we find that a depth of ˜0.5 - 1mm from the surface is usually suitable. The insertion depth for other sites should be determined experimentally by the end user. 
 NOTE: The needle should easily penetrate the skull; if it does not, DO NOT push too hard as this can injure the animal. Reposition the needle and gently try again.</li>
 <li>Inject the virus solution. The injection is started by pressing the START button on the pump or depressing a foot pedal, depending on the model of pressure injector used. In the absence of a foot pedal it is recommended to have a colleague assist with pressing the button to minimize unnecessary hand movements that may affect the injection.</li>
 <li>After the selected volume has been injected, keep the needle in place for a few seconds and then gently remove the needle by sliding it out smoothly. Be sure to hold the pup's head in place to minimize extraneous movements. Since the injection equipment is cleaned and sterilized between experiments with ethanol and the wound is small, the use of antiseptic is unnecessary.</li>
 <li>Place the pup on the covered hotplate with the temperature set at ˜38°C to warm it up for recovery, typically 5-10 minutes. During this time you may continue injecting other pups.</li>
 <li>After all of the pups have recovered (they should be pink and moving) take a portion of the home bedding and gently rub the pups with it. Return the pups to the mother as a group.</li>
</ol>
NOTE: It is very important to make sure the pups are warm and exposed to home bedding prior to returning them to the mother and to return them as a group. Failure to do so may result in the mother injuring or killing the pups.
4. Equipment cleaning
<ol>
 <li>After the injection is complete and the pups have been returned to their mother, clean the injection setup by fully loading the syringe with acetone or 70% ethanol. Flush the solution through the injection setup several times, using fresh solution each time. This will remove any remaining virus solution and precipitates. The acetone or ethanol will then evaporate. 
 NOTE: Acetone is preferred for cleaning, but if your setup uses any acetone-sensitive components, such as cyanoacrylate adhesives, then use 70% ethanol for these steps.</li>
 <li>Disinfect the working area with bleach and discard waste in an appropriate biohazard container.</li>
</ol>
5. Analysis
<ol>
 <li>Sacrifice the animals at the desired age using an IACUC approved euthanasia method. Perfusion fixation is recommended to aid in later visualization of infected neurons, particularly in adult animals.</li>
 <li>Standard immunostaining procedures may be used to amplify the fluorescent signal. Briefly, 100 μm floating vibratome sections are permeabilized with PBS+1% Triton X-100 and blocked in PBS+1% Triton X-100+10% normal goat serum. Sections are incubated in blocking solution with primary antibodies overnight at 4°C, followed by additional washing and blocking. Sections are then incubated in blocking solution with secondary antibodies for 2 hours at room temperature, washed thoroughly, mounted on slides and coverslipped with anti-fade mounting media. Cryosections can be also used to visualize labeled neurons, however the endogenous fluorescence might be lost.</li>
</ol>
6. Representative Results:
A successful injection procedure will produce robust infection of neurons in the region of the injection site with no observable tissue damage or other ill effects on the animal. As illustrated in Figure 1, the spread of the infection can be observed in Cre-reporter mice (ROSA26R)12 injected with rAAV8-Cre in various anatomical sites. Injections into specific regions, such as cortex and superior colliculus, typically generate local infections with minimal spread to adjacent regions (Fig. 1A-B). Use of high titer virus solution makes infection of adjacent areas, such as the hippocampus, more likely (Fig. 1A). Injection with low titer virus solution results in sparse infection, which typically remains near the injection site, as shown in the cerebellar injection of rAAV8-Cre at the midline of ROSA26R reporter mice (Figure 1C-D). We have observed recombination in ROSA26R reporter mice within 2 days after injection of rAAV8-Cre, suggesting that infection, recombination, and expression of reporter genes can all occur relatively rapidly. Additionally, we have successfully used this technique to study the effects of gene deletion at a non-ROSA locus using a floxed conditional allele, the results of which will be published elsewhere.
The number of cells infected should correlate with the titer of the injected viral solution. For example, injecting a mix of high titer solutions of two rAAV8 viruses expressing different fluorescent proteins into the cerebellum infects many Purkinje cells that are differentially labeled (Fig. 2A). Conversely, injecting a low titer virus solution can result in sparse infection to aid in visualizing single cells (Fig. 2B). Fluorescently labeled neurons can be observed directly in fresh cut, live tissue (Fig. 2B) or can be subjected to immunostaining to enhance the endogenous fluorescent signals for later image acquisition by wide-field or confocal fluorescent microscopy (Fig. 2A, Fig. 3A-C). Lastly, rAAV8 is capable of infecting a variety of neuron types in the cortex with strong labeling of fine processes (Fig. 3A-C).
<img alt="Histological analysis of embryonic brain tissue; microscope image; cellular differentiation study." src="/files/ftp_upload/2823/2823fig1.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1788235205000" data-alt="Figure 1"> 
Figure 1: LacZ staining in the brain of ROSA26R reporter mice that were injected with rAAV8-Cre at P0 demonstrates Cre activity and the location of infection.
<ol type="A">
 <li>Wide-field sagittal view of a P14 brain showing high titer (1x1012 GC/ml) injections into cortex and superior colliculus. The use of high titer virus makes it more likely that adjacent areas will also be infected.</li>
 <li>Sagittal section of P14 cortex injected with lower titer (1x1011 GC/ml) virus demonstrates a local infection with less spreading.</li>
 <li>A wholemount view of a P28 cerebellum injected at the midline with low titer (1x109 GC/ml) virus solution shows that the infection is sparse and typically remains near the injection site.</li>
 <li>Sagittal view of the midline of the cerebellum in C). Note that generally only Purkinje cells are infected by rAAV8.</li>
</ol>
<img alt="Microscopy imaging: fluorescently tagged neurons, neuron structure visualization, experiment result." src="/files/ftp_upload/2823/2823fig2.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1788235205000" data-alt="Figure 2"> 
Figure 2: Cerebellar labeling by injection with high and low titers of rAAV8 expressing fluorescent proteins.
<ol type="A">
 <li>A sagittal section of P21cerebellum infected with a mix of two viruses expressing EGFP (green) and DsRed (red). A high titer mix of viruses was used to infect a large number of Purkinje cells.</li>
 <li>A purkinje cell in live P14 cerebellum from very low titer viral infection imaged immediately after dissection.</li>
</ol>
<img alt="Neuronal structure in fluorescence microscopy; red fluorescence highlights neuronal morphology." src="/files/ftp_upload/2823/2823fig3.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1788235205000" data-alt="Figure 3"> 
Figure 3: Cortical labeling by rAAV8-DsRed. 
Examples of the variety of cortical neuron types in the coronal sections of a P21 cortex that was infected by rAAV8-DsRed at P0.

<ol><li>Geschwind, D. H., Levitt, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Autism+spectrum+disorders%3A+developmental+disconnection+syndromes%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Curr+Opin+Neurobiol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Autism spectrum disorders: developmental disconnection syndromes.</a> Curr Opin Neurobiol. 17, 103-111 (2007).</li>
<li>Giedd, J. N., Rapoport, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Structural+MRI+of+pediatric+brain+development%3A+what+have+we+learned+and+where+are+we+going%3F%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Neuron%22%5BJournal%5D)">Structural MRI of pediatric brain development: what have we learned and where are we going?</a> Neuron. 67, 728-734 (2010).</li>
<li>Chedotal, A., Richards, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Wiring+the+brain%3A+the+biology+of+neuronal+guidance%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Cold+Spring+Harb+Perspect+Biol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Wiring the brain: the biology of neuronal guidance.</a> Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2, (2010).</li>
<li>Shen, K., Cowan, C. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Guidance+molecules+in+synapse+formation+and+plasticity%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Cold+Spring+Harb+Perspect+Biol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Guidance molecules in synapse formation and plasticity.</a> Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2, (2010).</li>
<li>Chen, S. Y., Cheng, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Functions+of+axon+guidance+molecules+in+synapse+formation%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Curr+Opin+Neurobiol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Functions of axon guidance molecules in synapse formation.</a> Curr Opin Neurobiol. 19, 471-478 (2009).</li>
<li>Guan, C., Ye, C., Yang, X., Gao, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+review+of+current+large-scale+mouse+knockout+efforts%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Genesis%22%5BJournal%5D)">A review of current large-scale mouse knockout efforts.</a> Genesis. 48, 73-85 (2010).</li>
<li>Tenenbaum, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Recombinant+AAV-mediated+gene+delivery+to+the+central+nervous+system%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Gene+Med%22%5BJournal%5D)">Recombinant AAV-mediated gene delivery to the central nervous system.</a> J Gene Med. 6, 212-222 (2004).</li>
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<li>Pilpel, N., Landeck, N., Klugmann, M., Seeburg, P. H., Schwarz, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Rapid+reproducible+transduction+of+select+forebrain+regions+by+targeted+recombinant+virus+injection+into+the+neonatal+mouse+brain%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Neurosci+Methods%22%5BJournal%5D)">Rapid reproducible transduction of select forebrain regions by targeted recombinant virus injection into the neonatal mouse brain.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 182, 55-63 (2009).</li>
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No conflicts of interest declared.

The neonatal viral injection method presented here provides a simple and rapid way to generate in vivo mosaics for the study of postnatal brain development. The method takes advantage of floxed alleles that are currently available as well as those that are being made through the High Throughput Gene Targeting project6. Compared to the use of transgenic expression of Cre, this method provides a rapid way to test gene function in various cell types, as mice carrying the floxed alleles can be used dire...

<table><tbody><tr><td>rAAV8-Cre, -GFP, -DsRed,</td><td>Vector Biolabs</td><td>#7060, #7061, custom order</td><td>http://www.vectorbiolabs.com</td></tr><tr><td>Harvard Pump 11 Plus</td><td>Harvard Apparatus</td><td>#702208</td><td>(No foot pedal port)</td></tr><tr><td>Retinal Pigment Epithelium Injection Kit</td><td>World Precision Instruments, Inc.</td><td>RPE-KIT</td><td>Contains connective tubing, injection needles (36G), and needle holder</td></tr><tr><td>NanoFil Syringe, 100&amp;mu;l</td><td>World Precision Instruments, Inc.</td><td>NANOFIL-100</td><td>Includes reusable loading needle</td></tr><tr><td>D-PBS</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>14040-117</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GFP antibody</td><td>Aves</td><td>GFP-1020</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DsRed antibody</td><td>Clontech Laboratories</td><td>632496</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Heating Block</td><td>VWR international</td><td>97042-610</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ROSA26R mouse</td><td>Jackson Laboratory</td><td>003309</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

mosaic analysis of gene function in postnatal mouse brain development by using virus-based cre recombination

Mosaic Analysis of Gene Function in Postnatal Mouse Brain Development by Using Virus-based Cre Recombination

Normal brain function relies not only on embryonic development when major neuronal pathways are established, but also on postnatal 
development when neural circuits are matured and refined. Misregulation at this stage may lead to neurological and psychiatric disorders such as autism 
and schizophrenia1,2. Many genes have been studied in the prenatal brain and found crucial to many developmental processes3-5. However, their 
function in the postnatal brain is largely unknown, partly because their deletion in mice often leads to lethality during neonatal development, and partly because their requirement in early development hampers the postnatal analysis. To overcome these obstacles, floxed alleles of these genes are currently being generated in mice 6. When combined with transgenic alleles that express Cre recombinase in specific cell types, conditional deletion can be achieved to study gene function in the postnatal brain. However, this method requires additional alleles and extra time (3-6 months) to generate the mice with appropriate genotypes, thereby limiting the expansion of the genetic analysis to a large scale in the mouse brain.
Here we demonstrate a complementary approach that uses virally-expressed Cre to study these floxed alleles rapidly and 
systematically in postnatal brain development. By injecting recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs)7,8 encoding Cre into the neonatal brain, 
we are able to delete the gene of interest in different regions of the brain. By controlling the viral titer and coexpressing a fluorescent 
protein marker, we can simultaneously achieve mosaic gene inactivation and sparse neuronal labeling. This method bypasses the requirement of 
many genes in early development, and allows us to study their cell autonomous function in many critical processes in postnatal brain development,
 including axonal and dendritic growth, branching, and tiling, as well as synapse formation and refinement. This method has been used successfully 
in our own lab (unpublished results) and others8,9, and can be extended to other viruses, such as lentivirus 9, as well as to the expression of 
shRNA or dominant active proteins 10. Furthermore, by combining this technique with electrophysiology as well as recently-developed optical 
imaging tools 11, this method provides a new strategy to study how genetic pathways influence neural circuit development and function in mice 
and rats.

An in vivo method to test gene function in postnatal brain is described. Recombinant AAVs expressing Cre and/or a fluorescent protein are injected into neonatal mouse brain. Mosaic gene inactivation and sparse neuronal labeling are achieved, allowing rapid analysis of gene function in processes critical to neural circuit development.

Normal brain function relies not only on embryonic development when major neuronal pathways are established, but also on postnatal 
development when ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to manipulate gene function during the postnatal period of brain development. This is accomplished by first selecting and preparing the appropriate viruses, loading them into the syringe and preparing the injection equipment. Then virus is injected into the brains of newborn mouse pups, and the final step is to sacrifice the animals and image the injected regions.Ultimately, results can be obtained that show differential labeling of control and knockout cells through immunofluorescence microscopy. This method can help answer key questions in the neuroscience field, such as how the period of postnatal development is genetically regulated. For injection, a commercially available adeno-associated virus solution can be used at full titer, typically 10 to the 12th, genome copies per milliliter to manipulate a large number of cells.If sparse or labeling is desired, begin with a one to 10 dilution. After thawing the virus on ice, immediately transfer the pre dilution volume to a sterile 250 microliter PCR tube. Keep the dilution on ice.Now.Prepare the injection pump by selecting an appropriate syringe and connecting it to a loading needle. Next, gentl

mosaic-analysis-gene-function-postnatal-mouse-brain-development-using

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Viral Tracing of Genetically Defined Neural Circuitry

Here we demonstrate a technique for widespread neuronal transduction by intraventricular injection of adeno-associated virus into the neonatal mouse brain.  This method provides a rapid and easy way to attain lifelong expression of virally-delivered transgenes.

Intracerebroventricular Viral Injection of the Neonatal Mouse Brain for Persistent and Widespread Neuronal Transduction

Capitalizing on a binary genetic strategy we provide a detailed protocol for neural circuit tracing in mice that express complementary transsynaptic tracers after Cre-mediated recombination. Because cell-specific tracer production is genetically encoded, our experimental approach is suitable to study the formation and maturation of neural circuitry during murine embryonic brain development at a single cell resolution.

Conditional Genetic Transsynaptic Tracing in the Embryonic Mouse Brain

GABAergic cortical interneuron progenitors disperse, develop and synaptically integrate into a host cortex after transplantation. These cells can be easily transduced before transplantation for in vivo studies of genetically modified GABAergic precursors. Here, we show viral labeling techniques to target specific interneuron subgroups using existing Cre lines and Cre-dependent reporters.

Viral-mediated Labeling and Transplantation of Medial Ganglionic Eminence (MGE) Cells for In Vivo Studies

Cell-autonomous functions of genes in the brain can be studied by inducing loss or gain of function in sparse populations of cells. Here, we describe in utero electroporation to deliver Cre recombinase into sparse populations of developing cortical neurons with floxed genes to cause loss of function in vivo.

Inducing Cre-lox Recombination in Mouse Cerebral Cortex Through In Utero Electroporation

We describe a protocol of stereotaxic surgery with a homemade head-fixed device for microinjecting reagents into the striatum of neonatal mouse brains. This technique allows genetic manipulation in neuronal cells of specific regions of neonatal mouse brains.

Stereotaxic Surgery for Genetic Manipulation in Striatal Cells of Neonatal Mouse Brains

The goal of this protocol is to describe an approach for analyzing behavior of adult neural stem/progenitor cells in response to chemogenetic manipulation of a specific local neural circuit.

Assaying Circuit Specific Regulation of Adult Hippocampal Neural Precursor Cells

A protocol to perform lineage tracing and functional genetic analysis of candidate genes at a single cell level using mosaic analysis with double markers (MADM) is presented. MADM clonal analysis provides a quantitative framework to measure the proliferative behavior, cellular output, and lineage relationship of individual progenitors and their daughter cells.

Lineage Tracing and Clonal Analysis in Developing Cerebral Cortex Using Mosaic Analysis with Double Markers (MADM)

Here, we present a method for investigating neurite morphogenesis in postnatal mouse retinal explants by time-lapse confocal microscopy. We describe an approach for sparse labeling and acquisition of retinal cell types and their fine processes using recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors that express membrane-targeted fluorescent proteins in a Cre-dependent manner.

Time-Lapse Imaging of Neuronal Arborization using Sparse Adeno-Associated Virus Labeling of Genetically Targeted Retinal Cell Populations

During the development of the cerebral cortex, neurons and glial cells originate in the ventricular zone lining the ventricle and migrate toward the brain surface. Many genes are involved in this process. This protocol introduces the technique for the time-lapse imaging of migrating neurons and glial progenitors.

Time-Lapse Imaging of Migrating Neurons and Glial Progenitors in Embryonic Mouse Brain Slices

This protocol describes the viral-mediated ectopic expression of Neurod1 following cortical ischemic stroke. Neurod1 is delivered (1) using the Cre-Flex AAV system in wild-type mice during the subacute phase post-stroke (7 days) and (2) using a single AAV vector in conditional reporter mice during the chronic phase post-stroke (21 days).

AAV Systems and Mouse Models for Investigating Ectopic Expression of Neurod1 in Transduced Cells at Subacute and Chronic Times Post-Ischemic Stroke

了解利用重组腺相关病毒在小鼠产后脑发育中进行基因功能分析的方法。通过向新生小鼠脑内注射病毒，实现马赛克基因失活和稀疏神经元标记，结合免疫荧光显微镜成像，为神经回路发育研究提供重要框架。

Mosaic Analysis of Gene Function in Postnatal Mouse Brain Development by Using Virus-based Cre Recombination

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